Perkuliahan Umum di MIT
Written by Quantum Study Club on 18.11Perkuliahan Umum di MIT
Arip Nurahman
Department of Physics
Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Indonesia University of Education
and
Follower Open Course Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, USA
Department of Physics
http://web.mit.edu/physics/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm
&
Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Aeronautics-and-Astronautics/index.htm
1.A New Kind of Science
Keynote Speaker: (Stephen Wolfram PhD)
Stephen Wolfram (born August 29, 1959 in London) is a British physicist, mathematician and businessman known for his work in theoretical particle physics, cosmology, cellular automata, complexity theory, and computer algebra, and is the creator of the computer program Mathematica.
Contents |
Biography
Stephen Wolfram's parents were Jewish refugees who immigrated to England in 1933. [1] [2] Wolfram's father, Hugo Wolfram, was a novelist, and his mother, Sybil Wolfram, was a professor of philosophy at the University of Oxford. Wolfram was educated at Eton public school. Often described as a child prodigy, he published an article on particle physics at age 16[3] and entered Oxford University (St John's College) at age 17. He wrote a widely cited paper on heavy quark production at age 17. [2]
He received his Ph.D. in particle physics from Caltech at age 20[4] and joined the faculty there. He became highly interested in cellular automata at age 21. [2] His work with Geoffrey Fox on the theory of the strong interaction is still used today in experimental particle physics.[5]
Stephen Wolfram was in 1987 founding editor of the journal Complex systems.
References
- ^ Jüdische Schriftsteller in Westfalen: Hugo Wolfram, <http://www.juedischeliteraturwestfalen.de/index.php?valex=101&vArticle=1&author_id=00000308&id=1>
- ^ a b c d Stephen Wolfram, <http://www.nndb.com/people/325/000022259/>
- ^ "Hadronic Electrons?". Note that the SPIRES date of April 1975 refers to the date the preprint was received, not the date of journal publication.
- ^ Thesis listing: Some Topics In Theoretical High-Energy Physics
- ^ See A Model for Parton Showers in QCD and Observables for the Analysis of Event Shapes in e+ e- Annihilation and Other Processes
- ^ Kolata, Gina. "Caltech Torn by Dispute Over Software," Science, 27 May 1983 (Vol. 220, No. 4600) issue, pgs. 932-934.
- ^ W. Daniel Hillis (1989-02). "Richard Feynman and The Connection Machine". Physics Today. Retrieved on 3 November 2006.
- ^ "The Prize Announcement; Looking for the formal proof".
- ^ "The Prize Is Won; The Simplest Universal Turing Machine Is Proved". The October 24 entry at Wolfram Research's blog announcing the news.
- ^ "Argument against the proof claimed in the FOM list".
- ^ "Stephen Wolfram reply in the FOM list".
- ^ "Todd Rowland reply to Vaughan Pratt in the FOM list".
- ^ "Alex Smith reply to Vaughan Pratt in the FOM list".
Further reading
- Full text of A New Kind of Science by Stephen Wolfram; MIT video overview
- The Lifebox, the Seashell, and the Soul by Rudy Rucker, a book that presents NKS ideas
- A collection of reviews of Stephen Wolfram's book, A New Kind of Science
- Maddox, John (1983). "Simulating the Replication of Life". Nature 305 (5934): 469. doi:.
External links
- Wolfram Research blog to which Stephen Wolfram contributes
- Stephen Wolfram's personal website
- Video of Wolfram speaking at UCSD H.Paul Rockwood Memorial Lecture
- Video of Stephen Wolfram speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems, hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI)
- God, Stephen Wolfram, and Everything Else - forbes.com article
- IT Conversations: Stephen Wolfram - A New Kind of Science
- Stephen Wolfram On The Future by David M. Ewalt, Forbes, October 15, 2007.
- Physicist Awarded 'Genius' Prize Finds Reality in Invisible World by Gladwin Hill, The New York Times, May 24, 1981. (subscription req.)
- "A Face From Words" by Enrique Zeleny, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
A New Kind of Science is a controversial book by Stephen Wolfram, published in 2002. It contains an empirical and systematic study of computational systems such as cellular automata. Wolfram calls these systems simple programs and argues that the scientific philosophy and methods appropriate for the study of simple programs are relevant to other fields of science.
Contents
- 1 Computation and its implications
- 2 Simple programs
- 3 Mapping and mining the computational universe
- 4 Systematic abstract science
- 5 Philosophical underpinnings
- 6 Applications and results
- 7 Reception
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 External links
See also
- Cellular automaton
- Emergence
- Philosophy of science
- Rule 110 cellular automaton
- Scientific reductionism
- Calculating Space
References
- ^ Wegner, Peter (1976). "Research Paradigms in Computer Science". Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Software Engineering: 322-330, San Francisco, CA, USA: IEEE Press.
- ^ Denning, Peter J.; et al. (1989). "Computing as a Discipline". Communications of the ACM 32 (1): 9–23. doi:.
- ^ a b http://www.ams.org/notices/200302/fea-gray.pdf
- ^ In Search of a Scientific Revolution: Science News Online, Aug. 16, 2003
- ^ http://www.scottaaronson.com/papers/nks.ps
External links
- Official site
- Wolfram, Stephen, A New Kind of Science. Wolfram Media, Inc., May 14, 2002. ISBN 1-57955-008-8
- Wolfram, Stephen, "Quick takes on some ideas and discoveries in A New Kind of Science". Wolfram Media, Inc.
- NKS 2004 conference. Wolfram Media, Inc.
- InformationSpace. Causal set exploration tool which supports 1 dimensional causal sets such as those found in the book.
- Wolfram's NKS Conference blog, June 2006.
- WolframTones: An Experiment in a New Kind of Music
- Scholar articles
- Leon O Chua, "A Nonlinear Dynamics Perspective of Wolfram's New Kind of Science". Singapore ; Hackensack, N.J. : World Scientific, 2006. ISBN 9812569774
- Reviews and overviews
- Clark, Ed, Reviews (the most comprehensive collection of reviews of NKS)
- Universal Automatism - Everything is Computation
- Amazon.com, book reviews (ranked by votes)
- Schmidhuber, Juergen "A 35 year old kind of science" (with links to much earlier work on digital physics)
- Kovas Boguta, "Comments on a review of NKS" (an exposition of what NKS actually is, framed as a response to critics)
- Review and discussion of A New Kind of Science. Slashdot.
- Krantz, Steven G., "Book review". American Mathematical Society (PDF document)
- Rudy Rucker, "Book Review". American Mathematical Monthly, November, 2003.
- Stephen Wolfram's lecture at MIT, "A New Kind of Science" (Real Media video and audio, 1:36:36). Department of Mathematics at MIT, September 15, 2003.
- Naiditch, David, "Divine Secrets Of the Ya-Ya Universe. Stephen Wolfram: A New Kind of Science — or a Not-So-New Kind of Computer Program?", Skeptic Magazine, issue 10-2, 2003.
- Critique of the explanatory force of A New Kind of Science
- Shalizi, Cosma "Review of 'Stephen Wolfram's A New Kind of Science': A Rare Blend of Monster Raving Egomania and Utter Batshit Insanity"
- Reflections on Stephen Wolfram's 'A New Kind of Science' by Ray Kurzweil
- Applications
- The Space of All Possible Bridge Shapes by Stephen Wolfram, August 3, 2007, a short essay on the future of bridge design written in response to the collapse of the I-35W Mississippi River bridge.
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