Para Dosen dan Guru Kedokteran dan Obat-obatan ASHU All Nobel Laureates in Medicine

Written by Quantum Study Club on 10.44

All Nobel Laureates in Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"

Summary

This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to three scientists who have solved a major problem in biology: how the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation. The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes – the telomeres – and in an enzyme that forms them – telomerase.

The long, thread-like DNA molecules that carry our genes are packed into chromosomes, the telomeres being the caps on their ends. Elizabeth Blackburn and Jack Szostak discovered that a unique DNA sequence in the telomeres protects the chromosomes from degradation. Carol Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn identified telomerase, the enzyme that makes telomere DNA. These discoveries explained how the ends of the chromosomes are protected by the telomeres and that they are built by telomerase.

If the telomeres are shortened, cells age. Conversely, if telomerase activity is high, telomere length is maintained, and cellular senescence is delayed. This is the case in cancer cells, which can be considered to have eternal life. Certain inherited diseases, in contrast, are characterized by a defective telomerase, resulting in damaged cells. The award of the Nobel Prize recognizes the discovery of a fundamental mechanism in the cell, a discovery that has stimulated the development of new therapeutic strategies.



1. Jack W. Szostak (lahir di London, Inggris, 9 November 1952; umur 57 tahun) adalah seorang ahli biologi dan profesor genetika dari Harvard Medical School yang mendapat hadiah Nobel untuk bidang Fisiologi atau Kedokteran tahun 2009 bersama-sama dengan Carol W. Greider dan Elizabeth Blackburn untuk penemuan enzim telomerase, rangkaian akhir dari sebuah kromosom.


 Jack W. Szostak
Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Professor, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School
Alex. A. Rich Distinguished Investigator, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital

szostak@molbio.mgh.harvard.edu


Research

Szostak Lab: Home

Center for Computational & Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital

Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital

Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School


Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Replicating Vesicles

RNA Selection

Protein Selection & Genomics



2. Carol W. Greider (lahir di San Diego, Kalifornia, Amerika Serikat, 15 April 1961; umur 48 tahun) adalah seorang professor dari Universitas Johns Hopkins, Amerika Serikat. Greider mendapat hadiah Nobel untuk bidang Fisiologi atau Kedokteran tahun 2009 bersama-sama dengan Elizabeth Blackburn dan Jack W. Szostak untuk penemuan enzim telomerase, rangkaian akhir dari sebuah kromosom.

Curriculum Vitae
Bibliography
Lab Web Page

Carol Greider - Daniel Nathans Professor & Director
Molecular Biology & Genetics

725 N. Wolfe Street
603 PCTB
BaltimoreMD21205

Office: 410-614-6506
Fax: 410-955-0831

cgreider@jhmi.edu

Biochemistry, Cellular & Molecular Biology (BCMB)

Cellular and Molecular Medicine (CMM)

Human Genetics and Molecular Biology

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics


3. Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, FRS (born November 26, 1948) is an Australian born biological researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who studies the telomere, a structure at the end of chromosomes that protects the chromosome. Blackburn co-discovered telomerase, the enzyme that replenishes the telomere. For this work, she was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, sharing it with Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak. She also worked in medical ethics, and was controversially dismissed from the President's Council on Bioethics.

Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn

Elizabeth Blackburn


Blackburn Lab Research

Overview

The research program of the laboratory focuses on telomeres, the structures stabilizing the ends of the eukaryotic chromosomes, and the enzyme telomerase. The mechanisms of telomere and telomerase functions are under study in organisms from yeasts to humans, and in cancers.

Research

Work in the Blackburn laboratory concerns the synthesis and function of telomeres, the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomeric DNA consists of tandem repeats of very simple sequences, one strand of which is synthesized by the ribonucleoprotein enzyme telomerase. Telomerase specifies the sequence of telomeric DNA by using a short sequence within the telomerase RNA moiety as the template for DNA synthesis. Thus, telomeric DNA is unusual in being an essential chromosomal element synthesized by copying an RNA sequence; that is, by reverse transcription.

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